diff --git a/app/chewy/statuses_index.rb b/app/chewy/statuses_index.rb
index 65cbb6fcd0..d119f7cacf 100644
--- a/app/chewy/statuses_index.rb
+++ b/app/chewy/statuses_index.rb
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class StatusesIndex < Chewy::Index
     field :id, type: 'long'
     field :account_id, type: 'long'
 
-    field :text, type: 'text', value: ->(status) { [status.spoiler_text, Formatter.instance.plaintext(status)].concat(status.ordered_media_attachments.map(&:description)).concat(status.preloadable_poll ? status.preloadable_poll.options : []).join("\n\n") } do
+    field :text, type: 'text', value: ->(status) { [status.spoiler_text, PlainTextFormatter.new(status.text, status.local?).to_s].concat(status.ordered_media_attachments.map(&:description)).concat(status.preloadable_poll ? status.preloadable_poll.options : []).join("\n\n") } do
       field :stemmed, type: 'text', analyzer: 'content'
     end
 
diff --git a/app/controllers/api/web/embeds_controller.rb b/app/controllers/api/web/embeds_controller.rb
index 741ba910fb..58f6345e68 100644
--- a/app/controllers/api/web/embeds_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/api/web/embeds_controller.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class Api::Web::EmbedsController < Api::Web::BaseController
     return not_found if oembed.nil?
 
     begin
-      oembed[:html] = Formatter.instance.sanitize(oembed[:html], Sanitize::Config::MASTODON_OEMBED)
+      oembed[:html] = Sanitize.fragment(oembed[:html], Sanitize::Config::MASTODON_OEMBED)
     rescue ArgumentError
       return not_found
     end
diff --git a/app/helpers/accounts_helper.rb b/app/helpers/accounts_helper.rb
index a339617247..557f60f26f 100644
--- a/app/helpers/accounts_helper.rb
+++ b/app/helpers/accounts_helper.rb
@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@
 
 module AccountsHelper
   def display_name(account, **options)
+    str = account.display_name.presence || account.username
+
     if options[:custom_emojify]
-      Formatter.instance.format_display_name(account, **options)
+      prerender_custom_emojis(h(str), account.emojis)
     else
-      account.display_name.presence || account.username
+      str
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/app/helpers/admin/trends/statuses_helper.rb b/app/helpers/admin/trends/statuses_helper.rb
index d16e3dd121..214c1e2a68 100644
--- a/app/helpers/admin/trends/statuses_helper.rb
+++ b/app/helpers/admin/trends/statuses_helper.rb
@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@ module Admin::Trends::StatusesHelper
 
     return '' if text.blank?
 
-    html = Formatter.instance.send(:encode, text)
-    html = Formatter.instance.send(:encode_custom_emojis, html, status.emojis, prefers_autoplay?)
-
-    html.html_safe # rubocop:disable Rails/OutputSafety
+    prerender_custom_emojis(h(text), status.emojis)
   end
 end
diff --git a/app/helpers/application_helper.rb b/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
index e997570b59..651a98a854 100644
--- a/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
+++ b/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
@@ -239,4 +239,8 @@ module ApplicationHelper
       end
     end.values
   end
+
+  def prerender_custom_emojis(html, custom_emojis)
+    EmojiFormatter.new(html, custom_emojis, animate: prefers_autoplay?).to_s
+  end
 end
diff --git a/app/helpers/formatting_helper.rb b/app/helpers/formatting_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..66e9e1e91e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/helpers/formatting_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module FormattingHelper
+  def html_aware_format(text, local, options = {})
+    HtmlAwareFormatter.new(text, local, options).to_s
+  end
+
+  def linkify(text, options = {})
+    TextFormatter.new(text, options).to_s
+  end
+
+  def extract_plain_text(text, local)
+    PlainTextFormatter.new(text, local).to_s
+  end
+
+  def status_content_format(status)
+    html_aware_format(status.text, status.local?, preloaded_accounts: [status.account] + (status.respond_to?(:active_mentions) ? status.active_mentions.map(&:account) : []))
+  end
+end
diff --git a/app/helpers/routing_helper.rb b/app/helpers/routing_helper.rb
index fb24a1b28c..f95f46a560 100644
--- a/app/helpers/routing_helper.rb
+++ b/app/helpers/routing_helper.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 module RoutingHelper
   extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
   include Rails.application.routes.url_helpers
   include ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper
   include Webpacker::Helper
@@ -22,8 +23,6 @@ module RoutingHelper
     full_asset_url(asset_pack_path(source, **options))
   end
 
-  private
-
   def use_storage?
     Rails.configuration.x.use_s3 || Rails.configuration.x.use_swift
   end
diff --git a/app/helpers/statuses_helper.rb b/app/helpers/statuses_helper.rb
index d328f89b7a..e92b4c8390 100644
--- a/app/helpers/statuses_helper.rb
+++ b/app/helpers/statuses_helper.rb
@@ -113,20 +113,6 @@ module StatusesHelper
     end
   end
 
-  private
-
-  def simplified_text(text)
-    text.dup.tap do |new_text|
-      URI.extract(new_text).each do |url|
-        new_text.gsub!(url, '')
-      end
-
-      new_text.gsub!(Account::MENTION_RE, '')
-      new_text.gsub!(Tag::HASHTAG_RE, '')
-      new_text.gsub!(/\s+/, '')
-    end
-  end
-
   def embedded_view?
     params[:controller] == EMBEDDED_CONTROLLER && params[:action] == EMBEDDED_ACTION
   end
diff --git a/app/lib/activitypub/activity/create.rb b/app/lib/activitypub/activity/create.rb
index ea8d146d44..f4f98e29ce 100644
--- a/app/lib/activitypub/activity/create.rb
+++ b/app/lib/activitypub/activity/create.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class ActivityPub::Activity::Create < ActivityPub::Activity
+  include FormattingHelper
+
   def perform
     dereference_object!
 
@@ -367,7 +369,7 @@ class ActivityPub::Activity::Create < ActivityPub::Activity
   end
 
   def converted_text
-    Formatter.instance.linkify([@status_parser.title.presence, @status_parser.spoiler_text.presence, @status_parser.url || @status_parser.uri].compact.join("\n\n"))
+    linkify([@status_parser.title.presence, @status_parser.spoiler_text.presence, @status_parser.url || @status_parser.uri].compact.join("\n\n"))
   end
 
   def unsupported_media_type?(mime_type)
diff --git a/app/lib/emoji_formatter.rb b/app/lib/emoji_formatter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f808f3a226
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/lib/emoji_formatter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class EmojiFormatter
+  include RoutingHelper
+
+  DISALLOWED_BOUNDING_REGEX = /[[:alnum:]:]/.freeze
+
+  attr_reader :html, :custom_emojis, :options
+
+  # @param [ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer] html
+  # @param [Array<CustomEmoji>] custom_emojis
+  # @param [Hash] options
+  # @option options [Boolean] :animate
+  def initialize(html, custom_emojis, options = {})
+    raise ArgumentError unless html.html_safe?
+
+    @html = html
+    @custom_emojis = custom_emojis
+    @options = options
+  end
+
+  def to_s
+    return html if custom_emojis.empty? || html.blank?
+
+    i                     = -1
+    tag_open_index        = nil
+    inside_shortname      = false
+    shortname_start_index = -1
+    invisible_depth       = 0
+    last_index            = 0
+    result                = ''.dup
+
+    while i + 1 < html.size
+      i += 1
+
+      if invisible_depth.zero? && inside_shortname && html[i] == ':'
+        inside_shortname = false
+        shortcode = html[shortname_start_index + 1..i - 1]
+        char_after = html[i + 1]
+
+        next unless (char_after.nil? || !DISALLOWED_BOUNDING_REGEX.match?(char_after)) && (emoji = emoji_map[shortcode])
+
+        result << html[last_index..shortname_start_index - 1] if shortname_start_index.positive?
+        result << image_for_emoji(shortcode, emoji)
+        last_index = i + 1
+      elsif tag_open_index && html[i] == '>'
+        tag = html[tag_open_index..i]
+        tag_open_index = nil
+
+        if invisible_depth.positive?
+          invisible_depth += count_tag_nesting(tag)
+        elsif tag == '<span class="invisible">'
+          invisible_depth = 1
+        end
+      elsif html[i] == '<'
+        tag_open_index = i
+        inside_shortname = false
+      elsif !tag_open_index && html[i] == ':' && (i.zero? || !DISALLOWED_BOUNDING_REGEX.match?(html[i - 1]))
+        inside_shortname = true
+        shortname_start_index = i
+      end
+    end
+
+    result << html[last_index..-1]
+
+    result.html_safe # rubocop:disable Rails/OutputSafety
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def emoji_map
+    @emoji_map ||= custom_emojis.each_with_object({}) { |e, h| h[e.shortcode] = [full_asset_url(e.image.url), full_asset_url(e.image.url(:static))] }
+  end
+
+  def count_tag_nesting(tag)
+    if tag[1] == '/'
+      -1
+    elsif tag[-2] == '/'
+      0
+    else
+      1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def image_for_emoji(shortcode, emoji)
+    original_url, static_url = emoji
+
+    if animate?
+      image_tag(original_url, draggable: false, class: 'emojione', alt: ":#{shortcode}:", title: ":#{shortcode}:")
+    else
+      image_tag(original_url, draggable: false, class: 'emojione custom-emoji', alt: ":#{shortcode}:", title: ":#{shortcode}:", data: { original: original_url, static: static_url })
+    end
+  end
+
+  def animate?
+    @options[:animate]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/app/lib/extractor.rb b/app/lib/extractor.rb
index 8020aa9166..ef94078643 100644
--- a/app/lib/extractor.rb
+++ b/app/lib/extractor.rb
@@ -5,18 +5,34 @@ module Extractor
 
   module_function
 
-  # :yields: username, list_slug, start, end
+  def extract_entities_with_indices(text, options = {}, &block)
+    entities = begin
+      extract_urls_with_indices(text, options) +
+        extract_hashtags_with_indices(text, check_url_overlap: false) +
+        extract_mentions_or_lists_with_indices(text) +
+        extract_extra_uris_with_indices(text)
+    end
+
+    return [] if entities.empty?
+
+    entities = remove_overlapping_entities(entities)
+    entities.each(&block) if block_given?
+    entities
+  end
+
   def extract_mentions_or_lists_with_indices(text)
-    return [] unless Twitter::TwitterText::Regex[:at_signs].match?(text)
+    return [] unless text && Twitter::TwitterText::Regex[:at_signs].match?(text)
 
     possible_entries = []
 
-    text.to_s.scan(Account::MENTION_RE) do |screen_name, _|
+    text.scan(Account::MENTION_RE) do |screen_name, _|
       match_data = $LAST_MATCH_INFO
-      after = $'
+      after      = $'
+
       unless Twitter::TwitterText::Regex[:end_mention_match].match?(after)
         start_position = match_data.char_begin(1) - 1
-        end_position = match_data.char_end(1)
+        end_position   = match_data.char_end(1)
+
         possible_entries << {
           screen_name: screen_name,
           indices: [start_position, end_position],
@@ -29,36 +45,70 @@ module Extractor
         yield mention[:screen_name], mention[:indices].first, mention[:indices].last
       end
     end
+
     possible_entries
   end
 
-  def extract_hashtags_with_indices(text, **)
-    return [] unless /#/.match?(text)
+  def extract_hashtags_with_indices(text, _options = {})
+    return [] unless text&.index('#')
+
+    possible_entries = []
 
-    tags = []
     text.scan(Tag::HASHTAG_RE) do |hash_text, _|
-      match_data = $LAST_MATCH_INFO
+      match_data     = $LAST_MATCH_INFO
       start_position = match_data.char_begin(1) - 1
-      end_position = match_data.char_end(1)
-      after = $'
+      end_position   = match_data.char_end(1)
+      after          = $'
+
       if %r{\A://}.match?(after)
         hash_text.match(/(.+)(https?\Z)/) do |matched|
-          hash_text = matched[1]
+          hash_text     = matched[1]
           end_position -= matched[2].codepoint_length
         end
       end
 
-      tags << {
+      possible_entries << {
         hashtag: hash_text,
         indices: [start_position, end_position],
       }
     end
 
-    tags.each { |tag| yield tag[:hashtag], tag[:indices].first, tag[:indices].last } if block_given?
-    tags
+    if block_given?
+      possible_entries.each do |tag|
+        yield tag[:hashtag], tag[:indices].first, tag[:indices].last
+      end
+    end
+
+    possible_entries
   end
 
   def extract_cashtags_with_indices(_text)
-    [] # always returns empty array
+    []
+  end
+
+  def extract_extra_uris_with_indices(text)
+    return [] unless text&.index(':')
+
+    possible_entries = []
+
+    text.scan(Twitter::TwitterText::Regex[:valid_extended_uri]) do
+      valid_uri_match_data = $LAST_MATCH_INFO
+
+      start_position = valid_uri_match_data.char_begin(3)
+      end_position   = valid_uri_match_data.char_end(3)
+
+      possible_entries << {
+        url: valid_uri_match_data[3],
+        indices: [start_position, end_position],
+      }
+    end
+
+    if block_given?
+      possible_entries.each do |url|
+        yield url[:url], url[:indices].first, url[:indices].last
+      end
+    end
+
+    possible_entries
   end
 end
diff --git a/app/lib/feed_manager.rb b/app/lib/feed_manager.rb
index 46a55c7a43..53d1390d4d 100644
--- a/app/lib/feed_manager.rb
+++ b/app/lib/feed_manager.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require 'singleton'
 class FeedManager
   include Singleton
   include Redisable
+  include FormattingHelper
 
   # Maximum number of items stored in a single feed
   MAX_ITEMS = 400
@@ -445,7 +446,7 @@ class FeedManager
     status         = status.reblog if status.reblog?
 
     combined_text = [
-      Formatter.instance.plaintext(status),
+      extract_plain_text(status.text, status.local?),
       status.spoiler_text,
       status.preloadable_poll ? status.preloadable_poll.options.join("\n\n") : nil,
       status.ordered_media_attachments.map(&:description).join("\n\n"),
diff --git a/app/lib/formatter.rb b/app/lib/formatter.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b6a13163d5..0000000000
--- a/app/lib/formatter.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,294 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require 'singleton'
-
-class Formatter
-  include Singleton
-  include RoutingHelper
-
-  include ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper
-
-  def format(status, **options)
-    if status.respond_to?(:reblog?) && status.reblog?
-      prepend_reblog = status.reblog.account.acct
-      status         = status.proper
-    else
-      prepend_reblog = false
-    end
-
-    raw_content = status.text
-
-    if options[:inline_poll_options] && status.preloadable_poll
-      raw_content = raw_content + "\n\n" + status.preloadable_poll.options.map { |title| "[ ] #{title}" }.join("\n")
-    end
-
-    return '' if raw_content.blank?
-
-    unless status.local?
-      html = reformat(raw_content)
-      html = encode_custom_emojis(html, status.emojis, options[:autoplay]) if options[:custom_emojify]
-      return html.html_safe # rubocop:disable Rails/OutputSafety
-    end
-
-    linkable_accounts = status.respond_to?(:active_mentions) ? status.active_mentions.map(&:account) : []
-    linkable_accounts << status.account
-
-    html = raw_content
-    html = "RT @#{prepend_reblog} #{html}" if prepend_reblog
-    html = encode_and_link_urls(html, linkable_accounts)
-    html = encode_custom_emojis(html, status.emojis, options[:autoplay]) if options[:custom_emojify]
-    html = simple_format(html, {}, sanitize: false)
-    html = html.delete("\n")
-
-    html.html_safe # rubocop:disable Rails/OutputSafety
-  end
-
-  def reformat(html)
-    sanitize(html, Sanitize::Config::MASTODON_STRICT)
-  rescue ArgumentError
-    ''
-  end
-
-  def plaintext(status)
-    return status.text if status.local?
-
-    text = status.text.gsub(/(<br \/>|<br>|<\/p>)+/) { |match| "#{match}\n" }
-    strip_tags(text)
-  end
-
-  def simplified_format(account, **options)
-    return '' if account.note.blank?
-
-    html = account.local? ? linkify(account.note) : reformat(account.note)
-    html = encode_custom_emojis(html, account.emojis, options[:autoplay]) if options[:custom_emojify]
-    html.html_safe # rubocop:disable Rails/OutputSafety
-  end
-
-  def sanitize(html, config)
-    Sanitize.fragment(html, config)
-  end
-
-  def format_spoiler(status, **options)
-    html = encode(status.spoiler_text)
-    html = encode_custom_emojis(html, status.emojis, options[:autoplay])
-    html.html_safe # rubocop:disable Rails/OutputSafety
-  end
-
-  def format_poll_option(status, option, **options)
-    html = encode(option.title)
-    html = encode_custom_emojis(html, status.emojis, options[:autoplay])
-    html.html_safe # rubocop:disable Rails/OutputSafety
-  end
-
-  def format_display_name(account, **options)
-    html = encode(account.display_name.presence || account.username)
-    html = encode_custom_emojis(html, account.emojis, options[:autoplay]) if options[:custom_emojify]
-    html.html_safe # rubocop:disable Rails/OutputSafety
-  end
-
-  def format_field(account, str, **options)
-    html = account.local? ? encode_and_link_urls(str, me: true, with_domain: true) : reformat(str)
-    html = encode_custom_emojis(html, account.emojis, options[:autoplay]) if options[:custom_emojify]
-    html.html_safe # rubocop:disable Rails/OutputSafety
-  end
-
-  def linkify(text)
-    html = encode_and_link_urls(text)
-    html = simple_format(html, {}, sanitize: false)
-    html = html.delete("\n")
-
-    html.html_safe # rubocop:disable Rails/OutputSafety
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  def html_entities
-    @html_entities ||= HTMLEntities.new
-  end
-
-  def encode(html)
-    html_entities.encode(html)
-  end
-
-  def encode_and_link_urls(html, accounts = nil, options = {})
-    entities = utf8_friendly_extractor(html, extract_url_without_protocol: false)
-
-    if accounts.is_a?(Hash)
-      options  = accounts
-      accounts = nil
-    end
-
-    rewrite(html.dup, entities) do |entity|
-      if entity[:url]
-        link_to_url(entity, options)
-      elsif entity[:hashtag]
-        link_to_hashtag(entity)
-      elsif entity[:screen_name]
-        link_to_mention(entity, accounts, options)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def count_tag_nesting(tag)
-    if tag[1] == '/' then -1
-    elsif tag[-2] == '/' then 0
-    else 1
-    end
-  end
-
-  # rubocop:disable Metrics/BlockNesting
-  def encode_custom_emojis(html, emojis, animate = false)
-    return html if emojis.empty?
-
-    emoji_map = emojis.each_with_object({}) { |e, h| h[e.shortcode] = [full_asset_url(e.image.url), full_asset_url(e.image.url(:static))] }
-
-    i                     = -1
-    tag_open_index        = nil
-    inside_shortname      = false
-    shortname_start_index = -1
-    invisible_depth       = 0
-
-    while i + 1 < html.size
-      i += 1
-
-      if invisible_depth.zero? && inside_shortname && html[i] == ':'
-        shortcode = html[shortname_start_index + 1..i - 1]
-        emoji     = emoji_map[shortcode]
-
-        if emoji
-          original_url, static_url = emoji
-          replacement = begin
-            if animate
-              image_tag(original_url, draggable: false, class: 'emojione', alt: ":#{shortcode}:", title: ":#{shortcode}:")
-            else
-              image_tag(original_url, draggable: false, class: 'emojione custom-emoji', alt: ":#{shortcode}:", title: ":#{shortcode}:", data: { original: original_url, static: static_url })
-            end
-          end
-          before_html = shortname_start_index.positive? ? html[0..shortname_start_index - 1] : ''
-          html        = before_html + replacement + html[i + 1..-1]
-          i          += replacement.size - (shortcode.size + 2) - 1
-        else
-          i -= 1
-        end
-
-        inside_shortname = false
-      elsif tag_open_index && html[i] == '>'
-        tag = html[tag_open_index..i]
-        tag_open_index = nil
-        if invisible_depth.positive?
-          invisible_depth += count_tag_nesting(tag)
-        elsif tag == '<span class="invisible">'
-          invisible_depth = 1
-        end
-      elsif html[i] == '<'
-        tag_open_index   = i
-        inside_shortname = false
-      elsif !tag_open_index && html[i] == ':'
-        inside_shortname      = true
-        shortname_start_index = i
-      end
-    end
-
-    html
-  end
-  # rubocop:enable Metrics/BlockNesting
-
-  def rewrite(text, entities)
-    text = text.to_s
-
-    # Sort by start index
-    entities = entities.sort_by do |entity|
-      indices = entity.respond_to?(:indices) ? entity.indices : entity[:indices]
-      indices.first
-    end
-
-    result = []
-
-    last_index = entities.reduce(0) do |index, entity|
-      indices = entity.respond_to?(:indices) ? entity.indices : entity[:indices]
-      result << encode(text[index...indices.first])
-      result << yield(entity)
-      indices.last
-    end
-
-    result << encode(text[last_index..-1])
-
-    result.flatten.join
-  end
-
-  def utf8_friendly_extractor(text, options = {})
-    # Note: I couldn't obtain list_slug with @user/list-name format
-    # for mention so this requires additional check
-    special = Extractor.extract_urls_with_indices(text, options)
-    standard = Extractor.extract_entities_with_indices(text, options)
-    extra = Extractor.extract_extra_uris_with_indices(text, options)
-
-    Extractor.remove_overlapping_entities(special + standard + extra)
-  end
-
-  def link_to_url(entity, options = {})
-    url        = Addressable::URI.parse(entity[:url])
-    html_attrs = { target: '_blank', rel: 'nofollow noopener noreferrer' }
-
-    html_attrs[:rel] = "me #{html_attrs[:rel]}" if options[:me]
-
-    Twitter::TwitterText::Autolink.send(:link_to_text, entity, link_html(entity[:url]), url, html_attrs)
-  rescue Addressable::URI::InvalidURIError, IDN::Idna::IdnaError
-    encode(entity[:url])
-  end
-
-  def link_to_mention(entity, linkable_accounts, options = {})
-    acct = entity[:screen_name]
-
-    return link_to_account(acct, options) unless linkable_accounts
-
-    same_username_hits = 0
-    account = nil
-    username, domain = acct.split('@')
-    domain = nil if TagManager.instance.local_domain?(domain)
-
-    linkable_accounts.each do |item|
-      same_username = item.username.casecmp(username).zero?
-      same_domain   = item.domain.nil? ? domain.nil? : item.domain.casecmp(domain)&.zero?
-
-      if same_username && !same_domain
-        same_username_hits += 1
-      elsif same_username && same_domain
-        account = item
-      end
-    end
-
-    account ? mention_html(account, with_domain: same_username_hits.positive? || options[:with_domain]) : "@#{encode(acct)}"
-  end
-
-  def link_to_account(acct, options = {})
-    username, domain = acct.split('@')
-
-    domain  = nil if TagManager.instance.local_domain?(domain)
-    account = EntityCache.instance.mention(username, domain)
-
-    account ? mention_html(account, with_domain: options[:with_domain]) : "@#{encode(acct)}"
-  end
-
-  def link_to_hashtag(entity)
-    hashtag_html(entity[:hashtag])
-  end
-
-  def link_html(url)
-    url    = Addressable::URI.parse(url).to_s
-    prefix = url.match(/\A(https?:\/\/(www\.)?|xmpp:)/).to_s
-    text   = url[prefix.length, 30]
-    suffix = url[prefix.length + 30..-1]
-    cutoff = url[prefix.length..-1].length > 30
-
-    "<span class=\"invisible\">#{encode(prefix)}</span><span class=\"#{cutoff ? 'ellipsis' : ''}\">#{encode(text)}</span><span class=\"invisible\">#{encode(suffix)}</span>"
-  end
-
-  def hashtag_html(tag)
-    "<a href=\"#{encode(tag_url(tag))}\" class=\"mention hashtag\" rel=\"tag\">#<span>#{encode(tag)}</span></a>"
-  end
-
-  def mention_html(account, with_domain: false)
-    "<span class=\"h-card\"><a href=\"#{encode(ActivityPub::TagManager.instance.url_for(account))}\" class=\"u-url mention\">@<span>#{encode(with_domain ? account.pretty_acct : account.username)}</span></a></span>"
-  end
-end
diff --git a/app/lib/html_aware_formatter.rb b/app/lib/html_aware_formatter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64edba09b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/lib/html_aware_formatter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class HtmlAwareFormatter
+  attr_reader :text, :local, :options
+
+  alias local? local
+
+  # @param [String] text
+  # @param [Boolean] local
+  # @param [Hash] options
+  def initialize(text, local, options = {})
+    @text    = text
+    @local   = local
+    @options = options
+  end
+
+  def to_s
+    return ''.html_safe if text.blank?
+
+    if local?
+      linkify
+    else
+      reformat.html_safe # rubocop:disable Rails/OutputSafety
+    end
+  rescue ArgumentError
+    ''.html_safe
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def reformat
+    Sanitize.fragment(text, Sanitize::Config::MASTODON_STRICT)
+  end
+
+  def linkify
+    TextFormatter.new(text, options).to_s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/app/lib/plain_text_formatter.rb b/app/lib/plain_text_formatter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08aa296964
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/lib/plain_text_formatter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class PlainTextFormatter
+  include ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper
+
+  NEWLINE_TAGS_RE = /(<br \/>|<br>|<\/p>)+/.freeze
+
+  attr_reader :text, :local
+
+  alias local? local
+
+  def initialize(text, local)
+    @text  = text
+    @local = local
+  end
+
+  def to_s
+    if local?
+      text
+    else
+      strip_tags(insert_newlines).chomp
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def insert_newlines
+    text.gsub(NEWLINE_TAGS_RE) { |match| "#{match}\n" }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/app/lib/rss/serializer.rb b/app/lib/rss/serializer.rb
index 7e3ed1f178..d44e94221b 100644
--- a/app/lib/rss/serializer.rb
+++ b/app/lib/rss/serializer.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class RSS::Serializer
+  include FormattingHelper
+
   private
 
   def render_statuses(builder, statuses)
@@ -9,7 +11,7 @@ class RSS::Serializer
         item.title(status_title(status))
             .link(ActivityPub::TagManager.instance.url_for(status))
             .pub_date(status.created_at)
-            .description(status.spoiler_text.presence || Formatter.instance.format(status, inline_poll_options: true).to_str)
+            .description(status_description(status))
 
         status.ordered_media_attachments.each do |media|
           item.enclosure(full_asset_url(media.file.url(:original, false)), media.file.content_type, media.file.size)
@@ -19,9 +21,8 @@ class RSS::Serializer
   end
 
   def status_title(status)
-    return "#{status.account.acct} deleted status" if status.destroyed?
-
     preview = status.proper.spoiler_text.presence || status.proper.text
+
     if preview.length > 30 || preview[0, 30].include?("\n")
       preview = preview[0, 30]
       preview = preview[0, preview.index("\n").presence || 30] + '…'
@@ -35,4 +36,20 @@ class RSS::Serializer
       "#{status.account.acct}: #{preview}"
     end
   end
+
+  def status_description(status)
+    if status.proper.spoiler_text?
+      status.proper.spoiler_text
+    else
+      html = status_content_format(status.proper).to_str
+      after_html = ''
+
+      if status.proper.preloadable_poll
+        poll_options_html = status.proper.preloadable_poll.options.map { |o| "[ ] #{o}" }.join('<br />')
+        after_html = "<p>#{poll_options_html}</p>"
+      end
+
+      "#{html}#{after_html}"
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/app/lib/text_formatter.rb b/app/lib/text_formatter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..48e2fc2338
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/lib/text_formatter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class TextFormatter
+  include ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper
+  include ERB::Util
+  include RoutingHelper
+
+  URL_PREFIX_REGEX = /\A(https?:\/\/(www\.)?|xmpp:)/.freeze
+
+  DEFAULT_REL = %w(nofollow noopener noreferrer).freeze
+
+  DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
+    multiline: true,
+  }.freeze
+
+  attr_reader :text, :options
+
+  # @param [String] text
+  # @param [Hash] options
+  # @option options [Boolean] :multiline
+  # @option options [Boolean] :with_domains
+  # @option options [Boolean] :with_rel_me
+  # @option options [Array<Account>] :preloaded_accounts
+  def initialize(text, options = {})
+    @text    = text
+    @options = DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(options)
+  end
+
+  def entities
+    @entities ||= Extractor.extract_entities_with_indices(text, extract_url_without_protocol: false)
+  end
+
+  def to_s
+    return ''.html_safe if text.blank?
+
+    html = rewrite do |entity|
+      if entity[:url]
+        link_to_url(entity)
+      elsif entity[:hashtag]
+        link_to_hashtag(entity)
+      elsif entity[:screen_name]
+        link_to_mention(entity)
+      end
+    end
+
+    html = simple_format(html, {}, sanitize: false).delete("\n") if multiline?
+
+    html.html_safe # rubocop:disable Rails/OutputSafety
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def rewrite
+    entities.sort_by! do |entity|
+      entity[:indices].first
+    end
+
+    result = ''.dup
+
+    last_index = entities.reduce(0) do |index, entity|
+      indices = entity[:indices]
+      result << h(text[index...indices.first])
+      result << yield(entity)
+      indices.last
+    end
+
+    result << h(text[last_index..-1])
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  def link_to_url(entity)
+    url = Addressable::URI.parse(entity[:url]).to_s
+    rel = with_rel_me? ? (DEFAULT_REL + %w(me)) : DEFAULT_REL
+
+    prefix      = url.match(URL_PREFIX_REGEX).to_s
+    display_url = url[prefix.length, 30]
+    suffix      = url[prefix.length + 30..-1]
+    cutoff      = url[prefix.length..-1].length > 30
+
+    <<~HTML.squish
+      <a href="#{h(url)}" target="_blank" rel="#{rel.join(' ')}"><span class="invisible">#{h(prefix)}</span><span class="#{cutoff ? 'ellipsis' : ''}">#{h(display_url)}</span><span class="invisible">#{h(suffix)}</span></a>
+    HTML
+  rescue Addressable::URI::InvalidURIError, IDN::Idna::IdnaError
+    h(entity[:url])
+  end
+
+  def link_to_hashtag(entity)
+    hashtag = entity[:hashtag]
+    url     = tag_url(hashtag)
+
+    <<~HTML.squish
+      <a href="#{h(url)}" class="mention hashtag" rel="tag">#<span>#{h(hashtag)}</span></a>
+    HTML
+  end
+
+  def link_to_mention(entity)
+    username, domain = entity[:screen_name].split('@')
+    domain           = nil if local_domain?(domain)
+    account          = nil
+
+    if preloaded_accounts?
+      same_username_hits = 0
+
+      preloaded_accounts.each do |other_account|
+        same_username = other_account.username.casecmp(username).zero?
+        same_domain   = other_account.domain.nil? ? domain.nil? : other_account.domain.casecmp(domain)&.zero?
+
+        if same_username && !same_domain
+          same_username_hits += 1
+        elsif same_username && same_domain
+          account = other_account
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      account = entity_cache.mention(username, domain)
+    end
+
+    return "@#{h(entity[:screen_name])}" if account.nil?
+
+    url = ActivityPub::TagManager.instance.url_for(account)
+    display_username = same_username_hits&.positive? || with_domains? ? account.pretty_acct : account.username
+
+    <<~HTML.squish
+      <span class="h-card"><a href="#{h(url)}" class="u-url mention">@<span>#{h(display_username)}</span></a></span>
+    HTML
+  end
+
+  def entity_cache
+    @entity_cache ||= EntityCache.instance
+  end
+
+  def tag_manager
+    @tag_manager ||= TagManager.instance
+  end
+
+  delegate :local_domain?, to: :tag_manager
+
+  def multiline?
+    options[:multiline]
+  end
+
+  def with_domains?
+    options[:with_domains]
+  end
+
+  def with_rel_me?
+    options[:with_rel_me]
+  end
+
+  def preloaded_accounts
+    options[:preloaded_accounts]
+  end
+
+  def preloaded_accounts?
+    preloaded_accounts.present?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/app/mailers/application_mailer.rb b/app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
index cc585c3b76..a37682eca6 100644
--- a/app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
+++ b/app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
 
   helper :application
   helper :instance
+  helper :formatting
 
   protected
 
diff --git a/app/serializers/activitypub/actor_serializer.rb b/app/serializers/activitypub/actor_serializer.rb
index 48707aa16c..bd16483484 100644
--- a/app/serializers/activitypub/actor_serializer.rb
+++ b/app/serializers/activitypub/actor_serializer.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 class ActivityPub::ActorSerializer < ActivityPub::Serializer
   include RoutingHelper
+  include FormattingHelper
 
   context :security
 
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ class ActivityPub::ActorSerializer < ActivityPub::Serializer
   end
 
   def summary
-    object.suspended? ? '' : Formatter.instance.simplified_format(object)
+    object.suspended? ? '' : html_aware_format(object.note, object.local?)
   end
 
   def icon
@@ -185,6 +186,8 @@ class ActivityPub::ActorSerializer < ActivityPub::Serializer
   end
 
   class Account::FieldSerializer < ActivityPub::Serializer
+    include FormattingHelper
+
     attributes :type, :name, :value
 
     def type
@@ -192,7 +195,7 @@ class ActivityPub::ActorSerializer < ActivityPub::Serializer
     end
 
     def value
-      Formatter.instance.format_field(object.account, object.value)
+      html_aware_format(object.value, object.account.value?, with_rel_me: true, with_domains: true, multiline: false)
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/app/serializers/activitypub/note_serializer.rb b/app/serializers/activitypub/note_serializer.rb
index 7be2e26476..27e058199d 100644
--- a/app/serializers/activitypub/note_serializer.rb
+++ b/app/serializers/activitypub/note_serializer.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class ActivityPub::NoteSerializer < ActivityPub::Serializer
+  include FormattingHelper
+
   context_extensions :atom_uri, :conversation, :sensitive, :voters_count
 
   attributes :id, :type, :summary,
@@ -39,11 +41,11 @@ class ActivityPub::NoteSerializer < ActivityPub::Serializer
   end
 
   def content
-    Formatter.instance.format(object)
+    status_content_format(object)
   end
 
   def content_map
-    { object.language => Formatter.instance.format(object) }
+    { object.language => content }
   end
 
   def replies
diff --git a/app/serializers/rest/account_serializer.rb b/app/serializers/rest/account_serializer.rb
index a78ec45073..2f67e06b2b 100644
--- a/app/serializers/rest/account_serializer.rb
+++ b/app/serializers/rest/account_serializer.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 class REST::AccountSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
   include RoutingHelper
+  include FormattingHelper
 
   attributes :id, :username, :acct, :display_name, :locked, :bot, :discoverable, :group, :created_at,
              :note, :url, :avatar, :avatar_static, :header, :header_static,
@@ -14,10 +15,12 @@ class REST::AccountSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
   attribute :suspended, if: :suspended?
 
   class FieldSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
+    include FormattingHelper
+
     attributes :name, :value, :verified_at
 
     def value
-      Formatter.instance.format_field(object.account, object.value)
+      html_aware_format(object.value, object.account.local?, with_rel_me: true, with_domains: true, multiline: false)
     end
   end
 
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ class REST::AccountSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
   end
 
   def note
-    object.suspended? ? '' : Formatter.instance.simplified_format(object)
+    object.suspended? ? '' : html_aware_format(object.note, object.local?)
   end
 
   def url
diff --git a/app/serializers/rest/announcement_serializer.rb b/app/serializers/rest/announcement_serializer.rb
index 9343b97d22..23b2fa514b 100644
--- a/app/serializers/rest/announcement_serializer.rb
+++ b/app/serializers/rest/announcement_serializer.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class REST::AnnouncementSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
+  include FormattingHelper
+
   attributes :id, :content, :starts_at, :ends_at, :all_day,
              :published_at, :updated_at
 
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ class REST::AnnouncementSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
   end
 
   def content
-    Formatter.instance.linkify(object.text)
+    linkify(object.text)
   end
 
   def reactions
diff --git a/app/serializers/rest/status_edit_serializer.rb b/app/serializers/rest/status_edit_serializer.rb
index 05ccd5e942..f7a48797d1 100644
--- a/app/serializers/rest/status_edit_serializer.rb
+++ b/app/serializers/rest/status_edit_serializer.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class REST::StatusEditSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
+  include FormattingHelper
+
   has_one :account, serializer: REST::AccountSerializer
 
   attributes :content, :spoiler_text, :sensitive, :created_at
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ class REST::StatusEditSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
   attribute :poll, if: -> { object.poll_options.present? }
 
   def content
-    Formatter.instance.format(object)
+    status_content_format(object)
   end
 
   def poll
diff --git a/app/serializers/rest/status_serializer.rb b/app/serializers/rest/status_serializer.rb
index 7c3dd673e3..32c4e405ef 100644
--- a/app/serializers/rest/status_serializer.rb
+++ b/app/serializers/rest/status_serializer.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class REST::StatusSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
+  include FormattingHelper
+
   attributes :id, :created_at, :in_reply_to_id, :in_reply_to_account_id,
              :sensitive, :spoiler_text, :visibility, :language,
              :uri, :url, :replies_count, :reblogs_count,
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ class REST::StatusSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
   end
 
   def content
-    Formatter.instance.format(object)
+    status_content_format(object)
   end
 
   def url
diff --git a/app/services/fetch_link_card_service.rb b/app/services/fetch_link_card_service.rb
index 239ab9b937..9c8b5ea208 100644
--- a/app/services/fetch_link_card_service.rb
+++ b/app/services/fetch_link_card_service.rb
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class FetchLinkCardService < BaseService
     when 'video'
       @card.width            = embed[:width].presence  || 0
       @card.height           = embed[:height].presence || 0
-      @card.html             = Formatter.instance.sanitize(embed[:html], Sanitize::Config::MASTODON_OEMBED)
+      @card.html             = Sanitize.fragment(embed[:html], Sanitize::Config::MASTODON_OEMBED)
       @card.image_remote_url = (url + embed[:thumbnail_url]).to_s if embed[:thumbnail_url].present?
     when 'rich'
       # Most providers rely on <script> tags, which is a no-no
diff --git a/app/views/accounts/_bio.html.haml b/app/views/accounts/_bio.html.haml
index e8a49a1aa4..df4f9bdb84 100644
--- a/app/views/accounts/_bio.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/accounts/_bio.html.haml
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@
     .account__header__fields
       - fields.each do |field|
         %dl
-          %dt.emojify{ title: field.name }= Formatter.instance.format_field(account, field.name, custom_emojify: true)
+          %dt.emojify{ title: field.name }= prerender_custom_emojis(h(field.name), account.emojis)
           %dd{ title: field.value, class: custom_field_classes(field) }
             - if field.verified?
               %span.verified__mark{ title: t('accounts.link_verified_on', date: l(field.verified_at)) }
                 = fa_icon 'check'
-            = Formatter.instance.format_field(account, field.value, custom_emojify: true)
+            = prerender_custom_emojis(html_aware_format(field.value, account.local?, with_rel_me: true, with_domains: true, multiline: false), account.emojis)
 
   = account_badge(account)
 
   - if account.note.present?
-    .account__header__content.emojify= Formatter.instance.simplified_format(account, custom_emojify: true)
+    .account__header__content.emojify= prerender_custom_emojis(html_aware_format(account.note, account.local?), account.emojis)
 
   .public-account-bio__extra
     = t 'accounts.joined', date: l(account.created_at, format: :month)
diff --git a/app/views/admin/accounts/show.html.haml b/app/views/admin/accounts/show.html.haml
index 805cf8a4f5..b252f3eacf 100644
--- a/app/views/admin/accounts/show.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/admin/accounts/show.html.haml
@@ -16,16 +16,16 @@
         .account__header__fields
           - fields.each do |field|
             %dl
-              %dt.emojify{ title: field.name }= Formatter.instance.format_field(account, field.name, custom_emojify: true)
+              %dt.emojify{ title: field.name }= prerender_custom_emojis(h(field.name), account.emojis)
               %dd{ title: field.value, class: custom_field_classes(field) }
                 - if field.verified?
                   %span.verified__mark{ title: t('accounts.link_verified_on', date: l(field.verified_at)) }
                     = fa_icon 'check'
-                = Formatter.instance.format_field(account, field.value, custom_emojify: true)
+                = prerender_custom_emojis(html_aware_format(field.value, account.local?, with_rel_me: true, with_domains: true, multiline: false), account.emojis)
 
     - if account.note.present?
       %div
-        .account__header__content.emojify= Formatter.instance.simplified_format(account, custom_emojify: true)
+        .account__header__content.emojify= prerender_custom_emojis(html_aware_format(account.note, account.local?), account.emojis)
 
 .dashboard__counters.admin-account-counters
   %div
diff --git a/app/views/admin/reports/_status.html.haml b/app/views/admin/reports/_status.html.haml
index 7538cfd54c..392fc8f812 100644
--- a/app/views/admin/reports/_status.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/admin/reports/_status.html.haml
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
   .batch-table__row__content
     .status__content><
       - if status.proper.spoiler_text.blank?
-        = Formatter.instance.format(status.proper, custom_emojify: true)
+        = prerender_custom_emojis(status_content_format(status.proper), status.proper.emojis)
       - else
         %details<
           %summary><
-            %strong> Content warning: #{Formatter.instance.format_spoiler(status.proper)}
-          = Formatter.instance.format(status.proper, custom_emojify: true)
+            %strong> Content warning: #{prerender_custom_emojis(h(status.proper.spoiler_text), status.proper.emojis)}
+          = prerender_custom_emojis(status_content_format(status.proper), status.proper.emojis)
 
     - unless status.proper.ordered_media_attachments.empty?
       - if status.proper.ordered_media_attachments.first.video?
diff --git a/app/views/admin/reports/show.html.haml b/app/views/admin/reports/show.html.haml
index 25b751335f..41fed2efbb 100644
--- a/app/views/admin/reports/show.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/admin/reports/show.html.haml
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
             = fa_icon('lock') if @report.target_account.locked?
       - if @report.target_account.note.present?
         .account-card__bio.emojify
-          = Formatter.instance.simplified_format(@report.target_account, custom_emojify: true)
+          = prerender_custom_emojis(html_aware_format(@report.target_account.note, @report.target_account.local?), @report.target_account.emojis)
       .account-card__actions
         .account-card__counters
           .account-card__counters__item
diff --git a/app/views/directories/index.html.haml b/app/views/directories/index.html.haml
index 2b338115bd..a032ddb8dd 100644
--- a/app/views/directories/index.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/directories/index.html.haml
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
                 = fa_icon('lock') if account.locked?
         - if account.note.present?
           .account-card__bio.emojify
-            = Formatter.instance.simplified_format(account, custom_emojify: true)
+            = prerender_custom_emojis(html_aware_format(account.note, account.local?), account.emojis)
         - else
           .flex-spacer
         .account-card__actions
diff --git a/app/views/disputes/strikes/show.html.haml b/app/views/disputes/strikes/show.html.haml
index 0fc32b9186..0b71e14a3f 100644
--- a/app/views/disputes/strikes/show.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/disputes/strikes/show.html.haml
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
         %p= t "user_mailer.warning.explanation.#{@strike.action}", instance: Rails.configuration.x.local_domain
 
       - unless @strike.text.blank?
-        = Formatter.instance.linkify(@strike.text)
+        = linkify(@strike.text)
 
       - if @strike.report && !@strike.report.other?
         %p
diff --git a/app/views/notification_mailer/_status.html.haml b/app/views/notification_mailer/_status.html.haml
index 219e7e6679..444b06fe69 100644
--- a/app/views/notification_mailer/_status.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/notification_mailer/_status.html.haml
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@
                               - if status.spoiler_text?
                                 %div.auto-dir
                                   %p
-                                    = Formatter.instance.format_spoiler(status)
+                                    = status.spoiler_text
 
                               %div.auto-dir
-                                = Formatter.instance.format(status)
+                                = status_content_format(status)
 
                                 - if status.ordered_media_attachments.size > 0
                                   %p
diff --git a/app/views/notification_mailer/_status.text.erb b/app/views/notification_mailer/_status.text.erb
index c43f32d9f3..bf6d2b6200 100644
--- a/app/views/notification_mailer/_status.text.erb
+++ b/app/views/notification_mailer/_status.text.erb
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@
 > ----
 >
 <% end %>
-> <%= raw word_wrap(Formatter.instance.plaintext(status), break_sequence: "\n> ") %>
+> <%= raw word_wrap(extract_plain_text(status.text, status.local?), break_sequence: "\n> ") %>
 
 <%= raw t('application_mailer.view')%> <%= web_url("statuses/#{status.id}") %>
diff --git a/app/views/notification_mailer/digest.text.erb b/app/views/notification_mailer/digest.text.erb
index 4cd4190c11..b767eb9c48 100644
--- a/app/views/notification_mailer/digest.text.erb
+++ b/app/views/notification_mailer/digest.text.erb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 * <%= raw t('notification_mailer.digest.mention', name: notification.from_account.pretty_acct) %>
 
-  <%= raw Formatter.instance.plaintext(notification.target_status) %>
+  <%= raw extract_plain_text(notification.target_status.text, notification.target_status.local?) %>
 
   <%= raw t('application_mailer.view')%> <%= web_url("statuses/#{notification.target_status.id}") %>
 <% end %>
diff --git a/app/views/statuses/_detailed_status.html.haml b/app/views/statuses/_detailed_status.html.haml
index fd7e034b16..1d0e5a38c6 100644
--- a/app/views/statuses/_detailed_status.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/statuses/_detailed_status.html.haml
@@ -18,10 +18,11 @@
   .status__content.emojify{ :data => ({ spoiler: current_account&.user&.setting_expand_spoilers ? 'expanded' : 'folded' } if status.spoiler_text?) }<
     - if status.spoiler_text?
       %p<
-        %span.p-summary> #{Formatter.instance.format_spoiler(status, autoplay: prefers_autoplay?)}&nbsp;
+        %span.p-summary> #{prerender_custom_emojis(h(status.spoiler_text), status.emojis)}&nbsp;
         %button.status__content__spoiler-link= t('statuses.show_more')
     .e-content
-      = Formatter.instance.format(status, custom_emojify: true, autoplay: prefers_autoplay?)
+      = prerender_custom_emojis(status_content_format(status), status.emojis)
+
       - if status.preloadable_poll
         = render_poll_component(status)
 
diff --git a/app/views/statuses/_poll.html.haml b/app/views/statuses/_poll.html.haml
index 3546a923e6..d0f2640957 100644
--- a/app/views/statuses/_poll.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/statuses/_poll.html.haml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
             %span.poll__number><
               = "#{percent.round}%"
             %span.poll__option__text
-              = Formatter.instance.format_poll_option(status, option, autoplay: prefers_autoplay?)
+              = prerender_custom_emojis(h(option.title), status.emojis)
             - if own_votes.include?(index)
               %span.poll__voted
                 %i.poll__voted__mark.fa.fa-check
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
           %label.poll__option><
             %span.poll__input{ class: poll.multiple? ? 'checkbox' : nil}><
             %span.poll__option__text
-              = Formatter.instance.format_poll_option(status, option, autoplay: prefers_autoplay?)
+              = prerender_custom_emojis(h(option.title), status.emojis)
   .poll__footer
     - unless show_results
       %button.button.button-secondary{ disabled: true }
diff --git a/app/views/statuses/_simple_status.html.haml b/app/views/statuses/_simple_status.html.haml
index 8ffd3cb746..13b6613ce0 100644
--- a/app/views/statuses/_simple_status.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/statuses/_simple_status.html.haml
@@ -30,10 +30,11 @@
   .status__content.emojify{ :data => ({ spoiler: current_account&.user&.setting_expand_spoilers ? 'expanded' : 'folded' } if status.spoiler_text?) }<
     - if status.spoiler_text?
       %p<
-        %span.p-summary> #{Formatter.instance.format_spoiler(status, autoplay: prefers_autoplay?)}&nbsp;
+        %span.p-summary> #{prerender_custom_emojis(h(status.spoiler_text), status.emojis)}&nbsp;
         %button.status__content__spoiler-link= t('statuses.show_more')
     .e-content
-      = Formatter.instance.format(status, custom_emojify: true, autoplay: prefers_autoplay?)
+      = prerender_custom_emojis(status_content_format(status), status.emojis)
+
       - if status.preloadable_poll
         = render_poll_component(status)
 
diff --git a/app/views/user_mailer/warning.html.haml b/app/views/user_mailer/warning.html.haml
index b308e18f7b..fff61fa90b 100644
--- a/app/views/user_mailer/warning.html.haml
+++ b/app/views/user_mailer/warning.html.haml
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
                                 %p= t "user_mailer.warning.explanation.#{@warning.action}", instance: @instance
 
                               - unless @warning.text.blank?
-                                = Formatter.instance.linkify(@warning.text)
+                                = linkify(@warning.text)
 
                               - if @warning.report && !@warning.report.other?
                                 %p
diff --git a/config/initializers/twitter_regex.rb b/config/initializers/twitter_regex.rb
index d2ea5f9748..6a7723fd21 100644
--- a/config/initializers/twitter_regex.rb
+++ b/config/initializers/twitter_regex.rb
@@ -75,30 +75,4 @@ module Twitter::TwitterText
       )
     }iox
   end
-
-  module Extractor
-    # Extracts a list of all XMPP and magnet URIs included in the Toot <tt>text</tt> along
-    # with the indices. If the <tt>text</tt> is <tt>nil</tt> or contains no
-    # XMPP or magnet URIs an empty array will be returned.
-    #
-    # If a block is given then it will be called for each XMPP URI.
-    def extract_extra_uris_with_indices(text, _options = {}) # :yields: uri, start, end
-      return [] unless text && text.index(":")
-      urls = []
-
-      text.to_s.scan(Twitter::TwitterText::Regex[:valid_extended_uri]) do
-        valid_uri_match_data = $~
-
-        start_position = valid_uri_match_data.char_begin(3)
-        end_position = valid_uri_match_data.char_end(3)
-
-        urls << {
-          :url => valid_uri_match_data[3],
-          :indices => [start_position, end_position]
-        }
-      end
-      urls.each{|url| yield url[:url], url[:indices].first, url[:indices].last} if block_given?
-      urls
-    end
-  end
 end
diff --git a/spec/lib/emoji_formatter_spec.rb b/spec/lib/emoji_formatter_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..129445aa59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/lib/emoji_formatter_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+require 'rails_helper'
+
+RSpec.describe EmojiFormatter do
+  let!(:emoji) { Fabricate(:custom_emoji, shortcode: 'coolcat') }
+
+  def preformat_text(str)
+    TextFormatter.new(str).to_s
+  end
+
+  describe '#to_s' do
+    subject { described_class.new(text, emojis).to_s }
+
+    let(:emojis) { [emoji] }
+
+    context 'given text that is not marked as html-safe' do
+      let(:text) { 'Foo' }
+
+      it 'raises an argument error' do
+        expect { subject }.to raise_error ArgumentError
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given text with an emoji shortcode at the start' do
+      let(:text) { preformat_text(':coolcat: Beep boop') }
+
+      it 'converts the shortcode to an image tag' do
+        is_expected.to match(/<img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given text with an emoji shortcode in the middle' do
+      let(:text) { preformat_text('Beep :coolcat: boop') }
+
+      it 'converts the shortcode to an image tag' do
+        is_expected.to match(/Beep <img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given text with concatenated emoji shortcodes' do
+      let(:text) { preformat_text(':coolcat::coolcat:') }
+
+      it 'does not touch the shortcodes' do
+        is_expected.to match(/:coolcat::coolcat:/)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given text with an emoji shortcode at the end' do
+      let(:text) { preformat_text('Beep boop :coolcat:') }
+
+      it 'converts the shortcode to an image tag' do
+        is_expected.to match(/boop <img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/lib/formatter_spec.rb b/spec/lib/formatter_spec.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c88a2569a..0000000000
--- a/spec/lib/formatter_spec.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,626 +0,0 @@
-require 'rails_helper'
-
-RSpec.describe Formatter do
-  let(:local_account)  { Fabricate(:account, domain: nil, username: 'alice') }
-  let(:remote_account) { Fabricate(:account, domain: 'remote.test', username: 'bob', url: 'https://remote.test/') }
-
-  shared_examples 'encode and link URLs' do
-    context 'given a stand-alone medium URL' do
-      let(:text) { 'https://hackernoon.com/the-power-to-build-communities-a-response-to-mark-zuckerberg-3f2cac9148a4' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URL' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="https://hackernoon.com/the-power-to-build-communities-a-response-to-mark-zuckerberg-3f2cac9148a4"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a stand-alone google URL' do
-      let(:text) { 'http://google.com' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URL' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="http://google.com"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a stand-alone URL with a newer TLD' do
-      let(:text) { 'http://example.gay' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URL' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="http://example.gay"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a stand-alone IDN URL' do
-      let(:text) { 'https://nic.みんな/' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URL' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="https://nic.みんな/"'
-      end
-
-      it 'has display URL' do
-        is_expected.to include '<span class="">nic.みんな/</span>'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL with a trailing period' do
-      let(:text) { 'http://www.mcmansionhell.com/post/156408871451/50-states-of-mcmansion-hell-scottsdale-arizona. ' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URL but not the period' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="http://www.mcmansionhell.com/post/156408871451/50-states-of-mcmansion-hell-scottsdale-arizona"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL enclosed with parentheses' do
-      let(:text) { '(http://google.com/)' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URL but not the parentheses' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="http://google.com/"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL with a trailing exclamation point' do
-      let(:text) { 'http://www.google.com!' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URL but not the exclamation point' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="http://www.google.com"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL with a trailing single quote' do
-      let(:text) { "http://www.google.com'" }
-
-      it 'matches the full URL but not the single quote' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="http://www.google.com"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL with a trailing angle bracket' do
-      let(:text) { 'http://www.google.com>' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URL but not the angle bracket' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="http://www.google.com"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL with a query string' do
-      context 'with escaped unicode character' do
-        let(:text) { 'https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=autolink' }
-
-        it 'matches the full URL' do
-          is_expected.to include 'href="https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;q=autolink"'
-        end
-      end
-
-      context 'with unicode character' do
-        let(:text) { 'https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=✓&q=autolink' }
-
-        it 'matches the full URL' do
-          is_expected.to include 'href="https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=✓&amp;q=autolink"'
-        end
-      end
-
-      context 'with unicode character at the end' do
-        let(:text) { 'https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=✓' }
-
-        it 'matches the full URL' do
-          is_expected.to include 'href="https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=✓"'
-        end
-      end
-
-      context 'with escaped and not escaped unicode characters' do
-        let(:text) { 'https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&utf81=✓&q=autolink' }
-
-        it 'preserves escaped unicode characters' do
-          is_expected.to include 'href="https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;utf81=✓&amp;q=autolink"'
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL with parentheses in it' do
-      let(:text) { 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_(software)' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URL' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_(software)"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL in quotation marks' do
-      let(:text) { '"https://example.com/"' }
-
-      it 'does not match the quotation marks' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="https://example.com/"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL in angle brackets' do
-      let(:text) { '<https://example.com/>' }
-
-      it 'does not match the angle brackets' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="https://example.com/"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL with Japanese path string' do
-      let(:text) { 'https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/日本' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URL' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/日本"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL with Korean path string' do
-      let(:text) { 'https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/대한민국' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URL' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/대한민국"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL with a full-width space' do
-      let(:text) { 'https://example.com/　abc123' }
-
-      it 'does not match the full-width space' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="https://example.com/"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL in Japanese quotation marks' do
-      let(:text) { '「[https://example.org/」' }
-
-      it 'does not match the quotation marks' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="https://example.org/"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL with Simplified Chinese path string' do
-      let(:text) { 'https://baike.baidu.com/item/中华人民共和国' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URL' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/中华人民共和国"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL with Traditional Chinese path string' do
-      let(:text) { 'https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/臺灣' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URL' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/臺灣"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL containing unsafe code (XSS attack, visible part)' do
-      let(:text) { %q{http://example.com/b<del>b</del>} }
-
-      it 'does not include the HTML in the URL' do
-        is_expected.to include '"http://example.com/b"'
-      end
-
-      it 'escapes the HTML' do
-        is_expected.to include '&lt;del&gt;b&lt;/del&gt;'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a URL containing unsafe code (XSS attack, invisible part)' do
-      let(:text) { %q{http://example.com/blahblahblahblah/a<script>alert("Hello")</script>} }
-
-      it 'does not include the HTML in the URL' do
-        is_expected.to include '"http://example.com/blahblahblahblah/a"'
-      end
-
-      it 'escapes the HTML' do
-        is_expected.to include '&lt;script&gt;alert(&quot;Hello&quot;)&lt;/script&gt;'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given text containing HTML code (script tag)' do
-      let(:text) { '<script>alert("Hello")</script>' }
-
-      it 'escapes the HTML' do
-        is_expected.to include '<p>&lt;script&gt;alert(&quot;Hello&quot;)&lt;/script&gt;</p>'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given text containing HTML (XSS attack)' do
-      let(:text) { %q{<img src="javascript:alert('XSS');">} }
-
-      it 'escapes the HTML' do
-        is_expected.to include '<p>&lt;img src=&quot;javascript:alert(&apos;XSS&apos;);&quot;&gt;</p>'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given an invalid URL' do
-      let(:text) { 'http://www\.google\.com' }
-
-      it 'outputs the raw URL' do
-        is_expected.to eq '<p>http://www\.google\.com</p>'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given text containing a hashtag' do
-      let(:text)  { '#hashtag' }
-
-      it 'creates a hashtag link' do
-        is_expected.to include '/tags/hashtag" class="mention hashtag" rel="tag">#<span>hashtag</span></a>'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given text containing a hashtag with Unicode chars' do
-      let(:text)  { '#hashtagタグ' }
-
-      it 'creates a hashtag link' do
-        is_expected.to include '/tags/hashtag%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B0" class="mention hashtag" rel="tag">#<span>hashtagタグ</span></a>'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a stand-alone xmpp: URI' do
-      let(:text) { 'xmpp:user@instance.com' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URI' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="xmpp:user@instance.com"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a an xmpp: URI with a query-string' do
-      let(:text) { 'please join xmpp:muc@instance.com?join right now' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URI' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="xmpp:muc@instance.com?join"'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given text containing a magnet: URI' do
-      let(:text) { 'wikipedia gives this example of a magnet uri: magnet:?xt=urn:btih:c12fe1c06bba254a9dc9f519b335aa7c1367a88a' }
-
-      it 'matches the full URI' do
-        is_expected.to include 'href="magnet:?xt=urn:btih:c12fe1c06bba254a9dc9f519b335aa7c1367a88a"'
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  describe '#format_spoiler' do
-    subject { Formatter.instance.format_spoiler(status) }
-
-    context 'given a post containing plain text' do
-      let(:status) { Fabricate(:status, text: 'text', spoiler_text: 'Secret!', uri: nil) }
-
-      it 'Returns the spoiler text' do
-        is_expected.to eq 'Secret!'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a post with an emoji shortcode at the start' do
-      let!(:emoji) { Fabricate(:custom_emoji) }
-      let(:status) { Fabricate(:status, text: 'text', spoiler_text: ':coolcat: Secret!', uri: nil) }
-      let(:text) { ':coolcat: Beep boop' }
-
-      it 'converts the shortcode to an image tag' do
-        is_expected.to match(/<img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  describe '#format' do
-    subject { Formatter.instance.format(status) }
-
-    context 'given a post with local status' do
-      context 'given a reblogged post' do
-        let(:reblog) { Fabricate(:status, account: local_account, text: 'Hello world', uri: nil) }
-        let(:status) { Fabricate(:status, reblog: reblog) }
-
-        it 'returns original status with credit to its author' do
-          is_expected.to include 'RT <span class="h-card"><a href="https://cb6e6126.ngrok.io/@alice" class="u-url mention">@<span>alice</span></a></span> Hello world'
-        end
-      end
-
-      context 'given a post containing plain text' do
-        let(:status) { Fabricate(:status, text: 'text', uri: nil) }
-
-        it 'paragraphizes the text' do
-          is_expected.to eq '<p>text</p>'
-        end
-      end
-
-      context 'given a post containing line feeds' do
-        let(:status) { Fabricate(:status, text: "line\nfeed", uri: nil) }
-
-        it 'removes line feeds' do
-          is_expected.not_to include "\n"
-        end
-      end
-
-      context 'given a post containing linkable mentions' do
-        let(:status) { Fabricate(:status, mentions: [ Fabricate(:mention, account: local_account) ], text: '@alice') }
-
-        it 'creates a mention link' do
-          is_expected.to include '<a href="https://cb6e6126.ngrok.io/@alice" class="u-url mention">@<span>alice</span></a></span>'
-        end
-      end
-
-      context 'given a post containing unlinkable mentions' do
-        let(:status) { Fabricate(:status, text: '@alice', uri: nil) }
-
-        it 'does not create a mention link' do
-          is_expected.to include '@alice'
-        end
-      end
-
-      context do
-        subject do
-          status = Fabricate(:status, text: text, uri: nil)
-          Formatter.instance.format(status)
-        end
-
-        include_examples 'encode and link URLs'
-      end
-
-      context 'given a post with custom_emojify option' do
-        let!(:emoji) { Fabricate(:custom_emoji) }
-        let(:status) { Fabricate(:status, account: local_account, text: text) }
-
-        subject { Formatter.instance.format(status, custom_emojify: true) }
-
-        context 'given a post with an emoji shortcode at the start' do
-          let(:text) { ':coolcat: Beep boop' }
-
-          it 'converts the shortcode to an image tag' do
-            is_expected.to match(/<p><img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
-          end
-        end
-
-        context 'given a post with an emoji shortcode in the middle' do
-          let(:text) { 'Beep :coolcat: boop' }
-
-          it 'converts the shortcode to an image tag' do
-            is_expected.to match(/Beep <img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
-          end
-        end
-
-        context 'given a post with concatenated emoji shortcodes' do
-          let(:text) { ':coolcat::coolcat:' }
-
-          it 'does not touch the shortcodes' do
-            is_expected.to match(/:coolcat::coolcat:/)
-          end
-        end
-
-        context 'given a post with an emoji shortcode at the end' do
-          let(:text) { 'Beep boop :coolcat:' }
-
-          it 'converts the shortcode to an image tag' do
-            is_expected.to match(/boop <img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a post with remote status' do
-      let(:status) { Fabricate(:status, account: remote_account, text: 'Beep boop') }
-
-      it 'reformats the post' do
-        is_expected.to eq 'Beep boop'
-      end
-
-      context 'given a post with custom_emojify option' do
-        let!(:emoji) { Fabricate(:custom_emoji, domain: remote_account.domain) }
-        let(:status) { Fabricate(:status, account: remote_account, text: text) }
-
-        subject { Formatter.instance.format(status, custom_emojify: true) }
-
-        context 'given a post with an emoji shortcode at the start' do
-          let(:text) { '<p>:coolcat: Beep boop<br />' }
-
-          it 'converts the shortcode to an image tag' do
-            is_expected.to match(/<p><img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
-          end
-        end
-
-        context 'given a post with an emoji shortcode in the middle' do
-          let(:text) { '<p>Beep :coolcat: boop</p>' }
-
-          it 'converts the shortcode to an image tag' do
-            is_expected.to match(/Beep <img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
-          end
-        end
-
-        context 'given a post with concatenated emoji' do
-          let(:text) { '<p>:coolcat::coolcat:</p>' }
-
-          it 'does not touch the shortcodes' do
-            is_expected.to match(/<p>:coolcat::coolcat:<\/p>/)
-          end
-        end
-
-        context 'given a post with an emoji shortcode at the end' do
-          let(:text) { '<p>Beep boop<br />:coolcat:</p>' }
-
-          it 'converts the shortcode to an image tag' do
-            is_expected.to match(/<br><img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  describe '#reformat' do
-    subject { Formatter.instance.reformat(text) }
-
-    context 'given a post containing plain text' do
-      let(:text) { 'Beep boop' }
-
-      it 'keeps the plain text' do
-        is_expected.to include 'Beep boop'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a post containing script tags' do
-      let(:text) { '<script>alert("Hello")</script>' }
-
-      it 'strips the scripts' do
-        is_expected.to_not include '<script>alert("Hello")</script>'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a post containing malicious classes' do
-      let(:text) { '<span class="mention	status__content__spoiler-link">Show more</span>' }
-
-      it 'strips the malicious classes' do
-        is_expected.to_not include 'status__content__spoiler-link'
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  describe '#plaintext' do
-    subject { Formatter.instance.plaintext(status) }
-
-    context 'given a post with local status' do
-      let(:status) { Fabricate(:status, text: '<p>a text by a nerd who uses an HTML tag in text</p>', uri: nil) }
-
-      it 'returns the raw text' do
-        is_expected.to eq '<p>a text by a nerd who uses an HTML tag in text</p>'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'given a post with remote status' do
-      let(:status) { Fabricate(:status, account: remote_account, text: '<script>alert("Hello")</script>') }
-
-      it 'returns tag-stripped text' do
-        is_expected.to eq ''
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  describe '#simplified_format' do
-    subject { Formatter.instance.simplified_format(account) }
-
-    context 'given a post with local status' do
-      let(:account) { Fabricate(:account, domain: nil, note: text) }
-
-      context 'given a post containing linkable mentions for local accounts' do
-        let(:text) { '@alice' }
-
-        before { local_account }
-
-        it 'creates a mention link' do
-          is_expected.to eq '<p><span class="h-card"><a href="https://cb6e6126.ngrok.io/@alice" class="u-url mention">@<span>alice</span></a></span></p>'
-        end
-      end
-
-      context 'given a post containing linkable mentions for remote accounts' do
-        let(:text) { '@bob@remote.test' }
-
-        before { remote_account }
-
-        it 'creates a mention link' do
-          is_expected.to eq '<p><span class="h-card"><a href="https://remote.test/" class="u-url mention">@<span>bob</span></a></span></p>'
-        end
-      end
-
-      context 'given a post containing unlinkable mentions' do
-        let(:text) { '@alice' }
-
-        it 'does not create a mention link' do
-          is_expected.to eq '<p>@alice</p>'
-        end
-      end
-
-      context 'given a post with custom_emojify option' do
-        let!(:emoji) { Fabricate(:custom_emoji) }
-
-        before { account.note = text }
-        subject { Formatter.instance.simplified_format(account, custom_emojify: true) }
-
-        context 'given a post with an emoji shortcode at the start' do
-          let(:text) { ':coolcat: Beep boop' }
-
-          it 'converts the shortcode to an image tag' do
-            is_expected.to match(/<p><img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
-          end
-        end
-
-        context 'given a post with an emoji shortcode in the middle' do
-          let(:text) { 'Beep :coolcat: boop' }
-
-          it 'converts the shortcode to an image tag' do
-            is_expected.to match(/Beep <img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
-          end
-        end
-
-        context 'given a post with concatenated emoji shortcodes' do
-          let(:text) { ':coolcat::coolcat:' }
-
-          it 'does not touch the shortcodes' do
-            is_expected.to match(/:coolcat::coolcat:/)
-          end
-        end
-
-        context 'given a post with an emoji shortcode at the end' do
-          let(:text) { 'Beep boop :coolcat:' }
-
-          it 'converts the shortcode to an image tag' do
-            is_expected.to match(/boop <img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      include_examples 'encode and link URLs'
-    end
-
-    context 'given a post with remote status' do
-      let(:text) { '<script>alert("Hello")</script>' }
-      let(:account) { Fabricate(:account, domain: 'remote', note: text) }
-
-      it 'reformats' do
-        is_expected.to_not include '<script>alert("Hello")</script>'
-      end
-
-      context 'with custom_emojify option' do
-        let!(:emoji) { Fabricate(:custom_emoji, domain: remote_account.domain) }
-
-        before { remote_account.note = text }
-
-        subject { Formatter.instance.simplified_format(remote_account, custom_emojify: true) }
-
-        context 'given a post with an emoji shortcode at the start' do
-          let(:text) { '<p>:coolcat: Beep boop<br />' }
-
-          it 'converts shortcode to image tag' do
-            is_expected.to match(/<p><img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
-          end
-        end
-
-        context 'given a post with an emoji shortcode in the middle' do
-          let(:text) { '<p>Beep :coolcat: boop</p>' }
-
-          it 'converts shortcode to image tag' do
-            is_expected.to match(/Beep <img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
-          end
-        end
-
-        context 'given a post with concatenated emoji shortcodes' do
-          let(:text) { '<p>:coolcat::coolcat:</p>' }
-
-          it 'does not touch the shortcodes' do
-            is_expected.to match(/<p>:coolcat::coolcat:<\/p>/)
-          end
-        end
-
-        context 'given a post with an emoji shortcode at the end' do
-          let(:text) { '<p>Beep boop<br />:coolcat:</p>' }
-
-          it 'converts shortcode to image tag' do
-            is_expected.to match(/<br><img draggable="false" class="emojione custom-emoji" alt=":coolcat:"/)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  describe '#sanitize' do
-    let(:html) { '<script>alert("Hello")</script>' }
-
-    subject { Formatter.instance.sanitize(html, Sanitize::Config::MASTODON_STRICT) }
-
-    it 'sanitizes' do
-      is_expected.to eq ''
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/spec/lib/html_aware_formatter.rb b/spec/lib/html_aware_formatter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..18d23abf56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/lib/html_aware_formatter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require 'rails_helper'
+
+RSpec.describe HtmlAwareFormatter do
+  describe '#to_s' do
+    subject { described_class.new(text, local).to_s }
+
+    context 'when local' do
+      let(:local) { true }
+      let(:text) { 'Foo bar' }
+
+      it 'returns formatted text' do
+        is_expected.to eq '<p>Foo bar</p>'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when remote' do
+      let(:local) { false }
+
+      context 'given plain text' do
+        let(:text) { 'Beep boop' }
+
+        it 'keeps the plain text' do
+          is_expected.to include 'Beep boop'
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'given text containing script tags' do
+        let(:text) { '<script>alert("Hello")</script>' }
+
+        it 'strips the scripts' do
+          is_expected.to_not include '<script>alert("Hello")</script>'
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'given text containing malicious classes' do
+        let(:text) { '<span class="mention  status__content__spoiler-link">Show more</span>' }
+
+        it 'strips the malicious classes' do
+          is_expected.to_not include 'status__content__spoiler-link'
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/lib/plain_text_formatter_spec.rb b/spec/lib/plain_text_formatter_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c3d0ee6301
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/lib/plain_text_formatter_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'rails_helper'
+
+RSpec.describe PlainTextFormatter do
+  describe '#to_s' do
+    subject { described_class.new(status.text, status.local?).to_s }
+
+    context 'given a post with local status' do
+      let(:status) { Fabricate(:status, text: '<p>a text by a nerd who uses an HTML tag in text</p>', uri: nil) }
+
+      it 'returns the raw text' do
+        is_expected.to eq '<p>a text by a nerd who uses an HTML tag in text</p>'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a post with remote status' do
+      let(:remote_account) { Fabricate(:account, domain: 'remote.test', username: 'bob', url: 'https://remote.test/') }
+      let(:status) { Fabricate(:status, account: remote_account, text: '<p>Hello</p><script>alert("Hello")</script>') }
+
+      it 'returns tag-stripped text' do
+        is_expected.to eq 'Hello'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/spec/lib/text_formatter_spec.rb b/spec/lib/text_formatter_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52a9d24988
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/lib/text_formatter_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+require 'rails_helper'
+
+RSpec.describe TextFormatter do
+  describe '#to_s' do
+    let(:preloaded_accounts) { nil }
+
+    subject { described_class.new(text, preloaded_accounts: preloaded_accounts).to_s }
+
+    context 'given text containing plain text' do
+      let(:text) { 'text' }
+
+      it 'paragraphizes the text' do
+        is_expected.to eq '<p>text</p>'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given text containing line feeds' do
+      let(:text) { "line\nfeed" }
+
+      it 'removes line feeds' do
+        is_expected.not_to include "\n"
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given text containing linkable mentions' do
+      let(:preloaded_accounts) { [Fabricate(:account, username: 'alice')] }
+      let(:text) { '@alice' }
+
+      it 'creates a mention link' do
+        is_expected.to include '<a href="https://cb6e6126.ngrok.io/@alice" class="u-url mention">@<span>alice</span></a></span>'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given text containing unlinkable mentions' do
+      let(:preloaded_accounts) { [] }
+      let(:text) { '@alice' }
+
+      it 'does not create a mention link' do
+        is_expected.to include '@alice'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a stand-alone medium URL' do
+      let(:text) { 'https://hackernoon.com/the-power-to-build-communities-a-response-to-mark-zuckerberg-3f2cac9148a4' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URL' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="https://hackernoon.com/the-power-to-build-communities-a-response-to-mark-zuckerberg-3f2cac9148a4"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a stand-alone google URL' do
+      let(:text) { 'http://google.com' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URL' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="http://google.com"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a stand-alone URL with a newer TLD' do
+      let(:text) { 'http://example.gay' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URL' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="http://example.gay"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a stand-alone IDN URL' do
+      let(:text) { 'https://nic.みんな/' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URL' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="https://nic.みんな/"'
+      end
+
+      it 'has display URL' do
+        is_expected.to include '<span class="">nic.みんな/</span>'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL with a trailing period' do
+      let(:text) { 'http://www.mcmansionhell.com/post/156408871451/50-states-of-mcmansion-hell-scottsdale-arizona. ' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URL but not the period' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="http://www.mcmansionhell.com/post/156408871451/50-states-of-mcmansion-hell-scottsdale-arizona"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL enclosed with parentheses' do
+      let(:text) { '(http://google.com/)' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URL but not the parentheses' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="http://google.com/"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL with a trailing exclamation point' do
+      let(:text) { 'http://www.google.com!' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URL but not the exclamation point' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="http://www.google.com"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL with a trailing single quote' do
+      let(:text) { "http://www.google.com'" }
+
+      it 'matches the full URL but not the single quote' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="http://www.google.com"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL with a trailing angle bracket' do
+      let(:text) { 'http://www.google.com>' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URL but not the angle bracket' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="http://www.google.com"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL with a query string' do
+      context 'with escaped unicode character' do
+        let(:text) { 'https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=autolink' }
+
+        it 'matches the full URL' do
+          is_expected.to include 'href="https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;q=autolink"'
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'with unicode character' do
+        let(:text) { 'https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=✓&q=autolink' }
+
+        it 'matches the full URL' do
+          is_expected.to include 'href="https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=✓&amp;q=autolink"'
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'with unicode character at the end' do
+        let(:text) { 'https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=✓' }
+
+        it 'matches the full URL' do
+          is_expected.to include 'href="https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=✓"'
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'with escaped and not escaped unicode characters' do
+        let(:text) { 'https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&utf81=✓&q=autolink' }
+
+        it 'preserves escaped unicode characters' do
+          is_expected.to include 'href="https://www.ruby-toolbox.com/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;utf81=✓&amp;q=autolink"'
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL with parentheses in it' do
+      let(:text) { 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_(software)' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URL' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_(software)"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL in quotation marks' do
+      let(:text) { '"https://example.com/"' }
+
+      it 'does not match the quotation marks' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="https://example.com/"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL in angle brackets' do
+      let(:text) { '<https://example.com/>' }
+
+      it 'does not match the angle brackets' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="https://example.com/"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL with Japanese path string' do
+      let(:text) { 'https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/日本' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URL' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/日本"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL with Korean path string' do
+      let(:text) { 'https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/대한민국' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URL' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/대한민국"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL with a full-width space' do
+      let(:text) { 'https://example.com/　abc123' }
+
+      it 'does not match the full-width space' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="https://example.com/"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL in Japanese quotation marks' do
+      let(:text) { '「[https://example.org/」' }
+
+      it 'does not match the quotation marks' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="https://example.org/"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL with Simplified Chinese path string' do
+      let(:text) { 'https://baike.baidu.com/item/中华人民共和国' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URL' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/中华人民共和国"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL with Traditional Chinese path string' do
+      let(:text) { 'https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/臺灣' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URL' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/臺灣"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL containing unsafe code (XSS attack, visible part)' do
+      let(:text) { %q{http://example.com/b<del>b</del>} }
+
+      it 'does not include the HTML in the URL' do
+        is_expected.to include '"http://example.com/b"'
+      end
+
+      it 'escapes the HTML' do
+        is_expected.to include '&lt;del&gt;b&lt;/del&gt;'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given a URL containing unsafe code (XSS attack, invisible part)' do
+      let(:text) { %q{http://example.com/blahblahblahblah/a<script>alert("Hello")</script>} }
+
+      it 'does not include the HTML in the URL' do
+        is_expected.to include '"http://example.com/blahblahblahblah/a"'
+      end
+
+      it 'escapes the HTML' do
+        is_expected.to include '&lt;script&gt;alert(&quot;Hello&quot;)&lt;/script&gt;'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given text containing HTML code (script tag)' do
+      let(:text) { '<script>alert("Hello")</script>' }
+
+      it 'escapes the HTML' do
+        is_expected.to include '<p>&lt;script&gt;alert(&quot;Hello&quot;)&lt;/script&gt;</p>'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given text containing HTML (XSS attack)' do
+      let(:text) { %q{<img src="javascript:alert('XSS');">} }
+
+      it 'escapes the HTML' do
+        is_expected.to include '<p>&lt;img src=&quot;javascript:alert(&#39;XSS&#39;);&quot;&gt;</p>'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given an invalid URL' do
+      let(:text) { 'http://www\.google\.com' }
+
+      it 'outputs the raw URL' do
+        is_expected.to eq '<p>http://www\.google\.com</p>'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given text containing a hashtag' do
+      let(:text)  { '#hashtag' }
+
+      it 'creates a hashtag link' do
+        is_expected.to include '/tags/hashtag" class="mention hashtag" rel="tag">#<span>hashtag</span></a>'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given text containing a hashtag with Unicode chars' do
+      let(:text)  { '#hashtagタグ' }
+
+      it 'creates a hashtag link' do
+        is_expected.to include '/tags/hashtag%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B0" class="mention hashtag" rel="tag">#<span>hashtagタグ</span></a>'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given text with a stand-alone xmpp: URI' do
+      let(:text) { 'xmpp:user@instance.com' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URI' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="xmpp:user@instance.com"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given text with an xmpp: URI with a query-string' do
+      let(:text) { 'please join xmpp:muc@instance.com?join right now' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URI' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="xmpp:muc@instance.com?join"'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'given text containing a magnet: URI' do
+      let(:text) { 'wikipedia gives this example of a magnet uri: magnet:?xt=urn:btih:c12fe1c06bba254a9dc9f519b335aa7c1367a88a' }
+
+      it 'matches the full URI' do
+        is_expected.to include 'href="magnet:?xt=urn:btih:c12fe1c06bba254a9dc9f519b335aa7c1367a88a"'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end